The Magic of Barbra Streisand: Interview with Neal Gabler

Neal Gabler admits that he wasn’t a devoted Streisand fan when he started to write Barbra Streisand: Redefining Beauty, Femininity, and Power. As he explains it, he became more of a gaga Streisand fan over the course of writing the book. “But I wrote it because I realized she was one of those rare performers who not only changed their art, but who changed their culture.”

Gabler has written award-winning books about people in the entertainment industry and politics, including such legends as Walter Winchell and Walt Disney. He’s currently working on a book about Senator Edward Kennedy.

Jeanne Wolf: It’s hard to analyze or quantify magic or greatness. Do you think you now understand Barbra Streisand’s power?
Neal Gabler: I don’t think you ever really understand magic, but you can understand things in her life that connected her to audiences. Barbra is every marginalized human being, everyone who’s ever been humiliated — and that’s most of us. When she said that she wanted to become a movie star, her own mother told her, “You’re not pretty enough.”  Her stepfather, who abused her, would say to her, “You’re just too ugly for me to give you ice cream.” She went before talent agents and producers and every one of them said, “You’re just not pretty enough.” I think her art was to take that life experience and turn it into song.

JW: But she is also known for being tough.
NG: Barbra has said that it was her mother’s abuse that energized her. Somehow she decided, “I’m going to show you.” Where that fortitude came from, I don’t think we will ever know. I don’t think any Freudian explanation is satisfactory. But for all of the talk about her being impregnable and being a diva, one of the things that makes her great is that beneath that toughness, there’s enormous sensitivity. I am impressed that she said, “I remember every negative word that has ever been written about me. I remember none of the good reviews. I can recite every negative review verbatim.” We understand the obstacles that she faced, and her triumphs become our triumphs.

JW: I just saw her husband, James Brolin, and he spoke to me with such pride about his wife’s new album and tour. Are you surprised that she says her marriage is another thing she longed for and now she’s got it?
NG: You know, she once said her entire career was sublimation for the kind of romance and love that she never achieved. Even in most of her films, she winds up alone. I think, if you’re a woman like Barbra Streisand and you can find a man who understands that strength and who appreciates that strength, it’s the basis for a very strong relationship.

‘Hello, Gorgeous’: How Barbra Streisand Redefined Beauty, Femininity, and Power

To read how author Neal Gabler first became fascinated with Streisand, read “The Magic of Barbra Streisand: Interview with Neal Gabler” online December 6, 2016.

It is one of the seminal moments in American film and, quite possibly, American culture generally. The camera dollies in toward a woman in a leopard-skin coat and matching hat, her back to the camera, then veers slightly to the left to reveal an ornate, gold-framed, full-length mirror in which we see the woman’s image, though her face is obscured by the coat’s collar. She pulls down the collar just enough to reveal that inimitable Streisand visage, arches her brows, and assesses herself — coolly. Then she purrs, “Hello, gorgeous.” There is a cut to a close-up, and Streisand emits the tiniest, almost inaudible laugh/snort, as if it were a joke, though she acts as if the joke is on us. It is. But then her expression turns dark, wistful, as if to tell us how far she has had to come to utter those words.

This is how Barbra Streisand introduced herself to the film audience in Funny Girl in 1968, and what an introduction it was! First, there is her look — a kind of exoticism, half Afghan hound, half Jewess. And then there is the manner — the secretiveness, the cool, diva elegance only slightly betrayed by those arched brows, the self-scrutiny that gives way to self-consciousness that gives way to self-confidence that gives way to self-doubt. And then there is the voice — that unmistakable Brooklyn accent, the “gorgeous” elongated to “gaaaaw-jus,” an accent that just didn’t comport with the regal bearing, the expensive coat, the sense of control. And then there is that laugh, as if to say … well, it said a lot. And then that sadness, which said even more.

One of the things it said is that Streisand wasn’t making fun of herself or being ironic — she was gorgeous — even though no one who looked like Streisand or had Streisand’s obvious ethnicity, that double whammy of Judaism and Brooklyn, or had that strange self-regard Streisand had, had ever become an American movie star, certainly not a dramatic star, and Streisand would become the biggest. When Streisand addressed her image in that mirror, she was asserting her beauty and validating a new kind of glamour, a new kind of star, a new kind of power. “Hello, gorgeous” was Streisand’s way of ushering in a new era, and just about everybody seemed to recognize it. Although there had never been anyone on movie screens like Streisand, there were millions of Streisands, tens of millions, watching those screens, as Streisand herself had before she became a star. Now they had someone of their own — someone whom they didn’t have to dream of becoming, which was the general vicarious transaction for movie audiences, but someone they felt they already were.

It may seem peculiar to freight an entertainer with that much psychological and cultural weight, but Streisand isn’t just an entertainer. She has long been a cultural force — the kind of personality who inspires effusions, poems, stage plays, art, songs, even a viciously hostile South Park episode. After 50 years in our eyes and our ears, she is part of the American consciousness as few entertainers have been.

Obviously, none of this would have happened without her enormous talent. She was the “most successful, and perhaps talented, performer of her generation,” Michael Shnayerson wrote in Vanity Fair. Almost from the moment she first sang publicly, at the age of 17, she elicited adulation. The classical pianist Glenn Gould called her voice “one of the natural wonders of the age,” and composer Quincy Jones called it a “Stradivarius of a voice.” Most music critics regard her as the greatest popular female vocalist, and the only singer to stand comparison to Frank Sinatra. Like Sinatra, she changed the dynamics of American popular singing, and she spawned a generation of imitators. Every time you hear a female vocalist trilling in the highest registers or stretching a vowel or shaping the air with her hands or putting on the Bernhardt, you can rest assured that Streisand was there first.

But talent alone, even talent as abundant as Streisand’s, doesn’t make a cultural icon. It may not even be a prerequisite. What makes an entertainer into a cultural icon is the way in which he or she strums our psychic chords and comes to serve as an embodiment of our own deep impulses. He or she seems not only to understand us but to express us. The lives of such rare entertainers, or at least the lives they express through their work, comprise a theme about us.

Usually this appeal is subtext, a whisper under the performance: Marlon Brando’s brooding iconoclasm, Sinatra’s cool, the Beatles’ irreverence. In Streisand’s case, it was all text — a shout rather than a whisper. Streisand, whose mother discouraged her from pursuing show business because she felt her daughter was too unattractive to succeed; Streisand, who never even got the solo in her own high school chorus because a classmate sang more operatically; Streisand, who was immediately dismissed when she auditioned for parts because of her looks; Streisand, who seemed to be an afterthought in everything she attempted — Streisand stood for every plain girl who had ever been rejected.

She sang songs of loneliness and despair and longing. “People who need people …” “What’s too painful to remember, we simply choose to forget …” “You don’t bring me flowers anymore …” In her plaintive voice, one could hear and feel every slight, every insult, every wound. Tennessee Williams said of that voice that it was “pure and sweet but bolstered by so much rage, all of which had been invested in the pursuit of artistic excellence.” Only Streisand could take Franklin Roosevelt’s cheery campaign song, “Happy Days Are Here Again,” and turn it into a dirge. Streisand seemed to understand in the very depths of her soul how arduous life was. And her fans responded — responded because they knew she knew. One artist said of her, “To be an adolescent coming across Barbra Streisand was the most exhilarating moment of identification” Streisand was the girl who beat the odds, not by assimilating or changing but by not assimilating and not changing. As she herself put it, “You know, maybe not being a beauty explains my success. Maybe being the girl that guys never look at twice, and when I sing about that — about being like an invisible woman — people feel like protecting me.”

And hers was a Jewish-American success story, too. When she entered show business, she was told repeatedly that she would have to get a nose job if she were to have any hope of succeeding. Of course, she refused, in large part because, she said, she did not want to betray herself, which also meant betraying her Jewishness. As she once put it, “No nose job. Because most of all I want to be true to myself. Really, people should be left to themselves, instead of everyone trying to change everyone else.” Her Jewishness was both her social burden and her triumph. She was the entertainer of the marginal, the disenfranchised, the disadvantaged, the disaffected, the put-upon, and, not least of all, the different. Only Streisand, among all Hollywood’s blonde gentile beauties with their pert little noses, or its sexy bombshells, could really understand them.

And not only understand them but win for them. If in her songs she conveyed the pangs of lost love, she also conveyed the defiance to soldier on. Just listen to her rendition of “Cry Me a River” and you hear the anguish turn into strength. And if, in her films, she always portrayed the ugly duckling, she also made that duckling into someone indomitable and self-confident. She was neither sultry nor sweet, neither a siren nor the girl next door — unless you happened to live in one of America’s urban enclaves. She played a woman who was loud, uninhibited, smart, brassy, sassy, and kooky (a word frequently used to describe the young Streisand) — the point being that if she didn’t look like any female star, she didn’t act like one either. She was a force of nature.

Streisand began as a coterie entertainer, winning favor with those who were a little off-center as she herself was, rather than an entertainer with immediate mass appeal. By 1963, when she hit the hungry in San Francisco, the word of mouth had built, the coterie had grown, and she was beginning to attract larger audiences, just as she had done earlier in New York. And by the time she hit the Basin Street East back in New York that May, with its 450-seat room and on the same bill with Benny Goodman, her first album had become a full-fledged success. Radio DJs had even begun playing “Happy Days,” and The Barbra Streisand Album slowly climbed the Billboard album list until it hit No. 8, making her the best-selling female vocalist in the country. It would stay on the list for 24 weeks and win her a gold record.

Her manager, Marty Erlichman, would call The Barbra Streisand Album the “turning point” in her career — the moment she went from being a New York phenomenon to a performer with a “national reputation.” The proof may have been that President John F. Kennedy had caught her appearance on The Dinah Shore Show early that May — a performance of which one critic said she was a “Flatbush gamine with the tonsils of a fish peddler” — and asked that she be invited to perform at the White House Correspondents Dinner. “How long have you been singing?” the president asked her afterward. “About as long as you’ve been president,” she shot back.

When she opened at the Cocoanut Grove at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, the audience was a who’s who of moviedom, but Streisand didn’t trim her sails to appease them. Instead, she took the stage by walking up the aisle from the back of the room, wearing a pink gingham dress intended as a spoof on The Sound of Music, then looked out at the audience, said she was the only one she didn’t recognize, and delivered a line that couldn’t help but bring down the house: “If I’d known you were going to be on both sides of me, I’d have gotten my nose fixed.” This was Streisand in her element, which was people who really appreciated her.

She was on a roll, and she knew it. Taping The Judy Garland Show the next month, Judy, who was clearly intimidated, nervously asked Streisand if there was anything more she could possibly want in life. To which Streisand blurted, “Yes, there is. I’d like to take over your show.” She effectively did, scoring with a brilliant duet with Garland that remains Streisand lore: Garland sang “Get Happy,” while Streisand counterpointed with “Happy Days.” It ended with Ethel Merman pretending to wander onto the set: one former diva, one current diva, and one future diva all sharing the stage. The murmurs about the show at CBS were so strong that the network decided to rearrange its schedule and rush it onto the air the following week.

There may be no other entertainer whose own life conflates with her work as much as Streisand’s does. That life, which traced an arc from a poor, awkward, neglected Brooklyn girl to a self-possessed woman, from an outsider to a guiding light, was also the story she repeatedly told in her films. In effect, she was simultaneously living her story and telling her story in her work, basically performing her life. She became popular by demonstrating how someone like her, someone with her seeming disadvantages, could become popular.

While this forged an iron bond between performer and audience that has lasted decades, it also turned Streisand into a cultural trailblazer — again, in a way that no other entertainer was or is. Streisand arrived at the beginning of the feminist movement, and her gutsy, unsinkable, indomitable persona resonated with women. “Today you cannot imagine what it was like when Streisand burst on the scene in the 1960s,” Camille Paglia wrote. “There was nothing like her. … Barbra Streisand broke the mold, she revolutionized gender roles.” It wasn’t only that she was tough and tough-minded. It was that Streisand never let herself be defined by a man, which is why her untraditional looks didn’t seem to cause her the anguish women had always suffered under the withering judgment of men. She found a lure beyond conventional attractiveness — something deeper. It was the critic Pauline Kael who identified it and made what may be the most astute appraisal of this psychological legacy of Streisand’s: Streisand was proof that “talent is beauty.”

Almost singlehandedly in the world of entertainment, Streisand demonstrated that, for a woman, looks weren’t everything. She had this uncanny confidence that her talent was what counted, that it would trump everything else, and that embracing who she was became instrumental to that talent as it became instrumental to her admirers. This is how Tennessee Williams, a huge Streisand fan, put it to a friend: “She makes me believe in my talent, because she so passionately believes in and shares her own. She makes me believe in all the talents in all of the world.”

As odd as it may seem now, this idea that women were more than the sum of their looks was so original and ­empowering that Streisand changed or, at the very least, signified the change in how women came to think of themselves. It is not too much to say that she helped redefine femininity and beauty. And she did more. She became an example of empowerment — first as a star who made her own decisions; then as a producer who controlled her own films; and then as a director who bulled her way into Hollywood’s creative sanctum sanctorum, where women had never been welcome.

With Streisand, Hollywood had no choice. She was a force with whom everyone in the film industry had to reckon. No woman in film had ever had that kind of power, save possibly for Mary Pickford at her peak. All of these qualities made Streisand arguably the most important entertainer of her time — as Paglia wrote, a revolutionary. Just how much she challenged the prevailing moral, social, sexual, and cultural order may be seen in even greater focus by those who detested her. Streisand was a threat to every verity of traditional America — to conventional ideas of beauty, conventional ideas of female roles and femininity, conventional ideas of decorum, conventional ideas of the exercise of power, conventional ideas of what it meant to be American.

But it testifies to her iconic position in the culture that she could be a diva, which, for a poor, plain Jewish girl from Brooklyn, may be the greatest transformation of all. Streisand isn’t just a brilliant singer and actress, not even just a significant cultural figure. She has ascended into the American pantheon, where — ironically, for someone who made it by seeming ordinary — the normal rules no longer apply.
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Excerpted from Barbra Streisand: Redefining Beauty, Femininity, and Power, by Neal Gabler, new from Yale University Press/Jewish Lives, copyright © 2016 by Neal Gabler. Reprinted by permission. Gabler’s next book is Against the Wind: Edward Kennedy and the Tortuous Course of American Liberalism.

Barbra Streisand: A Star is Born

Read “‘Hello, Gorgeous’: How Barbra Streisand Redefined Beauty, Femininity, and Power” in the November/December 2016 issue.

Excerpted from “Good-bye Brooklyn, Hello Fame” by Pete Hamill, July 27, 1963

On a recent Sunday afternoon in New York, an angular young girl with the nose of an eagle, slightly out-of-focus eyes, and a mouth engaged in battle with a wad of gum walked up to the stage entrance of the theater that houses The Ed Sullivan Show. A beefy young man in a guard’s gray uniform stopped her. “Whattaya want, girlie?” the guard said, looking for the inevitable autograph book. “I want to go in,” she said. “I’m in the show.” After a brief debate, the girl proved that she was not there to acquire the signatures of Sullivan, the McGuire Sisters, or the 27 members of the visiting Mexican soccer team scheduled for the TV program. She was there to rehearse, and her name was indeed plastered across the theater’s marquee.

“Barbra Streisand,” the guard said admiringly at the close of the show. “To tell you the truth, I never heard of her. But she’s really something, ain’t she? Really something.”

Such long, low expressions of approval are being echoed by an ever-widening circle of admirers whose members range from Truman Capote to a president named Kennedy. At 21, with only three and a half years of professional experience, Barbra Streisand is on her way to becoming one of the most glittering stars of the 1960s.

As a singer, Barbra Streisand cut her first album for Columbia Records this year, and four weeks after its release she was the best-selling female vocalist in the country. As a nightclub performer, she has graduated from the Greenwich Village coffee circuit to such opulent drinking emporiums as New York’s Persian Room. Her fee has jumped in three years from $108 a week to $7,500, and is climbing. As a television performer, she came across with such vigah on a Dinah Shore special that one viewer — President Kennedy — promptly had her invited to perform at a White House correspondents dinner. And although her Broadway credits consist only of a supporting role in the musical I Can Get It for You Wholesale, she will star next winter in a musical comedy based on the life of the late comedienne Fanny Brice. “She will knock everyone dead,” predicts the musical’s producer, David Merrick.

To many observers her overnight success is bewildering. Show business, after all, is largely a bazaar for that tinselly commodity, glamour. To achieve stardom, unendowed young girls customarily acquire bobbed noses, capped teeth, and cantilevered underwear. Not Barbra Streisand. “I’m me,” she says with a disarming shrug. “And that’s all there is.”

What there is would hardly launch a thousand ships. Her blowzy, reddish-brown hair slops over a pair of blue eyes that appear crossed, and her nose would fit just as comfortably on Basil Rathbone. She is 5 feet 5, but looks taller because of the boniness of her 110-pound body.

But when she begins to sing, Barbra Streisand suddenly is transformed. Her eyes fixed on some distant point in space, her voice moony, her head cocked to the side, she somehow manages to combine the most engaging qualities of an Egyptian wall painting and a seductive spook. … She has a large voice, rich with nuance, and throbbing with so much feeling that some critics have accused her of laying it on too thick. But if the voice were all, it would not explain why watching her is such a moving experience.

“It takes a fantastic amount of ego and immaturity to stand on a stage and do absolutely nothing and yet be powerful,” she says. “Acting is really so ludicrous, so childish. But it’s something you must do. And yet it’s something you have to keep in perspective too.

“They tell me I’ll eventually win everything. The Emmy for TV, the Grammy for records, the Tony on Broadway, and the Oscar for movies. It would be beautiful to win all those awards, to be rich, to have my name on marquees all over the world. And I guess a lot of those things will happen to me. I kind of feel they will. It could be good or it could be bad, but I’m living my life one day at a time. And I don’t see why it shouldn’t always be fun. Do you?”

—Excerpted from “Good-bye Brooklyn, Hello Fame” by Pete Hamill, July 27, 1963

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